matias

This dataset provides essential information on various socio-economic and political indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#

1.**Military Expenditure**: Includes all spending on armed forces, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities, covering personnel, pensions, maintenance, procurement, R&D, and military aid from donor countries. Measured as a percentage of GDP and government expenditure, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank.](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS)

2.**UN Voting Patterns**: Tracks voting alignment with the US, China, and Russia, with data on annual votes, total percentages, and 3-year rolling averages, available since 1946. Source: [Harvard Dataverse](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ).

3.**Freedom Index**: Scores countries from 0 to 100 on economic, political, and legal freedoms, categorizing them from "Free" to "Unfree" based on score ranges, available since 1946. Source: [Atlantic Council](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/do-countries-need-freedom-to-achieve-prosperity/).

4.**Local Democracy Indicator**: Measures citizens' engagement in local governance and election participation, scaled from 0 to 1, reflecting local accountability and transparency, available since 1975. Source: [World Bank](https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/IDEA+GSOD+local_dem_est).

5.**Democracy Score**: Evaluates the democratic environment on a 0-10 scale, categorizing regimes from "Authoritarian" to "Full Democracies", available since 2006. Source: [Economist Intelligence Unit](https://www.economistgroup.com/press-centre/economist-intelligence/eius-2023-democracy-index-conflict-and-polarisation-drive-a-new-low-for), data retrieved from [Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/democracy-index-eiu?tab=table#reuse-this-work).

6.**Polity Score**: Ranges from -10 (autocratic) to +10 (democratic), assessing central authority continuity, available since 1776. Source: [Center for Systemic Peace](https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html).

7.**Applied Import Tariff Rates**: Effective tariffs on non-agricultural and non-fuel products across countries, shown as weighted averages by product group, available since 1988. Source: [UNCTAD](https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.Tariff)

8.**AHS Tariff Rate**: Reflects weighted average tariffs imposed by countries on imports based on trade value, available since 1988. Source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/country-indicator.aspx?lang=en).

9.**Most Favored Nation Tariff Rate**: Highest WTO-mandated tariffs without preferential agreements, representing trade barriers between members, available since 1988. Source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/country-indicator.aspx?lang=en).

10.**Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions Index (MATR)**: Quantifies governmental trade barriers using a 0-22 scale, summarizing exchange and import/export restrictions, available since 1949. Source: [MATR](https://sites.google.com/view/m-atr/).

11.**New Harmful Interventions**: Tracks government measures impacting trade, investment, or migration, flagged as harmful by Global Trade Alert, available since 2008. Source: [Global Trade Alert](https://www.globaltradealert.org/).

12.**Cumulative Harmful Interventions:** Cumulative count of harmful trade interventions affecting foreign commerce since 2008. Source: [Global Trade Alert](https://www.globaltradealert.org/).

13.**Social Unrest Index**: Assesses risk factors like inequality and governance, with a mean score of 100 indicating potential social conflict, available since 1986. Source: [Measuring Social Unrest Using Media Reports](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387822000803?via%3Dihub).

14.**Property Rights Index**: Evaluates legal, political, and intellectual property protections on a 0-10 scale, available since 2007. Source: [Property Rights Index](https://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/).

15.**World Bank CPIA - Property Rights**: Rates countries on property rights and governance quality, scaled 1 to 6, impacting aid allocation, available since 2005. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.PROP.XQ?name_desc=false).

16.**Life Expectancy at Birth**: Indicates average years expected for newborns under current mortality rates, available since1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?name_desc=false).

17.**Infant Mortality**: Measures infant deaths per 1,000 live births, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?name_desc=false).

18.**Happiness and Life Satisfaction Score**: Gallup survey asking individuals to rate life satisfaction from 0 (worst) to 10 (best), available since 2011. Source: [OWID](https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction).

19.**Human Rights Index**: Measures freedom from government abuses, property rights, and civic freedoms on a 0-1 scale, available since 1789.. Source: [OWID](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-rights-index-vdem).

20.**Corruption Perception Index**: Scores public sector corruption perception from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean), available since 2012. Source: [Transparency International](https://www.transparency.org/en/).

21.**Homicide Rate**: Intentional homicides per 100,000 people, excluding deaths in armed conflicts, available since 1990. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?name_desc=false).

22.**Population**: Total mid-year estimates of residents, including all legal statuses, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL).

23.**Rural Population**: Percentage of population in rural areas as defined nationally, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS).

24.**Net Migration**: Net count of immigrants minus emigrants, including citizens and noncitizens, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM).

25.**Age Dependency Ratio**: Ratio of dependents (under 15 or over 64) per 100 working-age people, available since1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND).
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Geopolitics Dataset

This repository contains the corresponding information of the [Global & LAC Datahub](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html), a comprehensive resource designed to offer deep insights into the multifaceted economic and political landscape of Latin America within the global context.

Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Georgetown University

This dataset provides comprehensive international trade metrics, including exports, imports, trade balance, shares with major partners, and indices on trade overlap, comparative advantage, and concentration by product and partner as well as key metrics on energy generation, consumption, net exports, and gross domestic product per capita. It includes data on various energy forms and economic performance relative to population. Detailed descriptions of each metric are provided below
#


1.**Exports**: Refers to goods physically sent from one country to another, including items sold, bartered, or transferred abroad for final sale, further processing, or re-export. Measured in USD millions and annual growth rate. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles, based on the SITC Rev. 2 classification. Original source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

2.**Imports**ts: Refers to all goods entering a country's economic territory, either for domestic use, processing, re-export, or transit, involving ownership transfer across borders. Measured in USD millions and annual growth rate. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles, based on the SITC Rev. 2 classification. Original source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

3.**Export/Import Shares to China/India/USA**: Reflects the percentage of a country's exports or imports to these countries, calculated at an aggregate level and by product type. Measured as a percentage of total exports/imports. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

4.**Trade Balance**: Calculated as the difference between exports and imports, both at an aggregate level and by product type. Measured in USD millions. Available since 1993. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

5.**Grubel-Lloyd Index of Intra-Industry Trade**: Measures trade overlap within an industry, quantifying the balance between exports and imports in a specific sector. An index closer to 1 suggests high intra-industry trade, while values near 0 indicate trade imbalance. Available since 1993. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

6.**Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) Index**: Evaluates a country's comparative advantage in exporting certain goods, transforming values into a balanced range from -1 to +1, where positive values indicate advantage. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

7.**Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for Exports/Imports**: Measures concentration of a country's exports/imports by product type or trade partners, with higher values indicating greater reliance on specific products or countries. An HHI below 1,500 reflects low concentration, between 1,500-2,500 reflects moderate, and above 2,500 indicates high concentration. Available since 1988. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

8.**Energy Generation**: Total energy production encompasses petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids), dry natural gas, coal, and the net generation of nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable electricity (non-hydroelectric). For the U.S., it also includes biomass, geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity. Measured in Quadrillion (Qa) BTU and kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita. Available since 1980. Original source: [EIA](https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world).

9.**Energy Consumption**: Total energy consumption includes petroleum, dry natural gas, coal, net nuclear, hydroelectric, and renewable electricity. For each country, it also accounts for net electricity and coke imports. In the U.S., it includes biomass, geothermal, and solar energy not used for electricity. Measured in Quadrillion (Qa) BTU and kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita. Available since 1980. Original source: [EIA](https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world).

10.**Energy Net Exports**: Energy net exports are calculated as the difference between generation and consumption. Measured in Quadrillion (Qa) BTU and kilowatt-hours (kWh) per capita. Available since 1980. Original source: [EIA](https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world).


11.**Gross Domestic Product per Capita**: GDP per capita is the gross domestic product divided by the midyear population, reflecting the total value added by resident producers plus taxes minus subsidies. Data is presented in current USD, constant 2015 USD, and converted to international 2017 constant dollars using purchasing power parity rates. Available since 1960. Original source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KN).
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Trade and Production Dataset

This dataset provides essential information on various public finance indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#

1.**Financial Public Sector Deficit:** Represents net lending/borrowing, equaling government revenue minus expenses and net nonfinancial asset investments. The Primary Deficit adds interest payments to net lending/borrowing. Measured in local currency units (LCU) and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1970. Source: [World Bank.](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GC.NLD.TOTL.CN)

2.**Public Sector Expenses**: Total expenditure by government bodies, covering employee compensation, goods and services, investments, social benefits, debt interest payments, subsidies, and transfers. Measured in LCU, as a percentage of GDP, and as a percentage of total spending, available since 1990. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b)

3.**Gross Public Sector Debt:** Total government debt, including domestic and external obligations across central and local governments and public enterprises. Measured in LCU, USD, percentage of GDP, and percentage of gross public sector debt, available since 2007. Source: [World Bank.](https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/debt-statistics/qpsd)

4.**Sovereign Credit Classification:** Country credit ratings assigned by Fitch, Moody’s, and S&P, including specific agency ratings and a standardized numerical score for creditworthiness. Measured as credit rating and index, available since 1949. Sources: [Fitch Ratings](https://www.fitchratings.com/), [Moody’s Investors Service](https://www.moodys.com/), [S&P Global Ratings.](https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/index)
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Public Finance Dataset

Trade and Production Dataset - Grouped Data

This dataset provides essential information on various monetary and financial indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#

1.**Consumer Price Index**: Tracks the average prices of a basket of goods and services such as food and medical care. Expressed as an index and annual growth rate, available since 1950. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4ffb52b23653409ab471d47b46d904b5)

2.**Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages Price Index:** A CPI division measuring essential food prices, including bread, meat, and non-alcoholic drinks. Expressed as an index and annual growth rate, available since 1950. Source: [IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4ffb52b23653409ab471d47b46d904b5).

3.**Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas, and Other Fuels Index:** A CPI division covering housing costs and utilities like gas and electricity. Expressed as an index and annual growth rate, available since 1950. Source: [IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4ffb52b23653409ab471d47b46d904b5).

4.**Currency in Circulation:** Physical money issued by the central bank, excluding holdings by banks. Measured in LCU and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1985. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=b83f71e8-61e3-4cf1-8cf3-6d7fe04d0930)

5.**Monetary Base:** Total currency in circulation plus central bank reserves. Measured in LCU and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1985. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=b83f71e8-61e3-4cf1-8cf3-6d7fe04d0930)

6**Broad Money:** Total money supply, including currency, deposits, and certain securities. Measured in LCU and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1985. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=b83f71e8-61e3-4cf1-8cf3-6d7fe04d0930)

7.**Domestic Credit to Private Sector:** Loans and credits provided to the private sector by financial institutions. Measured in LCU and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank.](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS)

8.**Domestic Credit to Private Sector by Banks**: Loans and credits to the private sector by deposit-taking corporations. Measured in LCU and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank.](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FD.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS)

9.**Monetary Policy Interest Rate:** Central bank’s interest rate to influence money supply and economic objectives. Expressed as a nominal percentage rate, available since 1945. Source: [BIS.](https://data.bis.org/topics/CBPOL)

10.**Monetary Policy Change:** Indicator for central bank rate adjustments (-1 for cuts, 0 for no change, +1 for increases). Summed for each period, available since 1945. Source: Calculations by Alphacast, based on [BIS](https://data.bis.org/topics/CBPOL)

11.**Exchange Rate Regime:** Classification of countries' exchange rate policies based on flexibility and policy independence. Categories include peg, floating, and other arrangements, available since 2008. Source: [IMF.](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Annual-Report-on-Exchange-Arrangements-and-Exchange-Restrictions)
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Monetary and Financial Dataset

This dataset provides essential information on various socio-economic and political indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#
1.**Military Expenditure**: Includes all spending on armed forces, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities, covering personnel, pensions, maintenance, procurement, R&D, and military aid from donor countries. Measured as a percentage of GDP and government expenditure, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank.](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS)

2.**UN Voting Patterns**: Tracks voting alignment with the US, China, and Russia, with data on annual votes, total percentages, and 3-year rolling averages, available since 1946. Source: [Harvard Dataverse](https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ).

3.**Freedom Index**: Scores countries from 0 to 100 on economic, political, and legal freedoms, categorizing them from "Free" to "Unfree" based on score ranges, available since 1946. Source: [Atlantic Council](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/do-countries-need-freedom-to-achieve-prosperity/).

4.**Local Democracy Indicator**: Measures citizens' engagement in local governance and election participation, scaled from 0 to 1, reflecting local accountability and transparency, available since 1975. Source: [World Bank](https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/IDEA+GSOD+local_dem_est).

5.**Democracy Score**: Evaluates the democratic environment on a 0-10 scale, categorizing regimes from "Authoritarian" to "Full Democracies", available since 2006. Source: [Economist Intelligence Unit](https://www.economistgroup.com/press-centre/economist-intelligence/eius-2023-democracy-index-conflict-and-polarisation-drive-a-new-low-for), data retrieved from [Our World in Data](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/democracy-index-eiu?tab=table#reuse-this-work).

6.**Polity Score**: Ranges from -10 (autocratic) to +10 (democratic), assessing central authority continuity, available since 1776. Source: [Center for Systemic Peace](https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscrdata.html).

7.**Applied Import Tariff Rates**: Effective tariffs on non-agricultural and non-fuel products across countries, shown as weighted averages by product group, available since 1988. Source: [UNCTAD](https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.Tariff)

8.**AHS Tariff Rate**: Reflects weighted average tariffs imposed by countries on imports based on trade value, available since 1988. Source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/country-indicator.aspx?lang=en).

9.**Most Favored Nation Tariff Rate**: Highest WTO-mandated tariffs without preferential agreements, representing trade barriers between members, available since 1988. Source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/country-indicator.aspx?lang=en).

10.**Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions Index (MATR)**: Quantifies governmental trade barriers using a 0-22 scale, summarizing exchange and import/export restrictions, available since 1949. Source: [MATR](https://sites.google.com/view/m-atr/).

11.**New Harmful Interventions**: Tracks government measures impacting trade, investment, or migration, flagged as harmful by Global Trade Alert, available since 2008. Source: [Global Trade Alert](https://www.globaltradealert.org/).

12.**Cumulative Harmful Interventions:** Cumulative count of harmful trade interventions affecting foreign commerce since 2008. Source: [Global Trade Alert](https://www.globaltradealert.org/).

13.**Social Unrest Index**: Assesses risk factors like inequality and governance, with a mean score of 100 indicating potential social conflict, available since 1986. Source: [Measuring Social Unrest Using Media Reports](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304387822000803?via%3Dihub).

14.**Property Rights Index**: Evaluates legal, political, and intellectual property protections on a 0-10 scale, available since 2007. Source: [Property Rights Index](https://internationalpropertyrightsindex.org/).

15.**World Bank CPIA - Property Rights**: Rates countries on property rights and governance quality, scaled 1 to 6, impacting aid allocation, available since 2005. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.PROP.XQ?name_desc=false).

16.**Life Expectancy at Birth**: Indicates average years expected for newborns under current mortality rates, available since1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?name_desc=false).

17.**Infant Mortality**: Measures infant deaths per 1,000 live births, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?name_desc=false).

18.**Happiness and Life Satisfaction Score**: Gallup survey asking individuals to rate life satisfaction from 0 (worst) to 10 (best), available since 2011. Source: [OWID](https://ourworldindata.org/happiness-and-life-satisfaction).

19.**Human Rights Index**: Measures freedom from government abuses, property rights, and civic freedoms on a 0-1 scale, available since 1789.. Source: [OWID](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-rights-index-vdem).

20.**Corruption Perception Index**: Scores public sector corruption perception from 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean), available since 2012. Source: [Transparency International](https://www.transparency.org/en/).

21.**Homicide Rate**: Intentional homicides per 100,000 people, excluding deaths in armed conflicts, available since 1990. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?name_desc=false).

22.**Population**: Total mid-year estimates of residents, including all legal statuses, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL).

23.**Rural Population**: Percentage of population in rural areas as defined nationally, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS).

24.**Net Migration**: Net count of immigrants minus emigrants, including citizens and noncitizens, available since 1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM).

25.**Age Dependency Ratio**: Ratio of dependents (under 15 or over 64) per 100 working-age people, available since1960. Source: [World Bank](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND).

#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****


Geopolitics Dataset - Grouped Data

This dataset offers comprehensive international trade metrics, including exports, imports, and trade balance. The information is available monthly at the country level, with calculations such as the sum of the last 12 months, year-over-year variations, and differences. Detailed descriptions of each metric are outlined below:
#

1.**Exports**: Represents the value of merchandise sent from one country to another, broken down by each country's primary trading partners. Data is reported on a free on board (FOB) basis in USD millions and is available since 2020. Original source: [DOTS - IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=9d6028d4-f14a-464c-a2f2-59b2cd424b85).

2.**Imports**: Represents the value of all goods entering a country’s economic territory, detailed by each country's primary trading partners. Imports are reported on a cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) basis in USD millions, with data available since 2020. Original source: [DOTS - IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=9d6028d4-f14a-464c-a2f2-59b2cd424b85).
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Country-Level

Monetary and Financial Dataset - Grouped Data

This dataset provides essential information on various external accounts indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#

1.**Current Account Balance:** A country's transactions in goods, services, income, and transfers with the rest of the world, including trade balance, net income from abroad, and current transfers. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1950. 
Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

2.**Direct Investment:** Investment by residents in foreign enterprises, with significant influence, typically involving at least 10% ownership. Includes equity, reinvested earnings, and loans, expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

3.**Foreign Direct Investment:** Investment by residents in foreign enterprises with substantial influence, generally involving 10% or more ownership. Includes equity, reinvested earnings, and intra-company loans, expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1990. Source: [UNCTAD.](https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.FdiFlowsStock)

4.**Net Direct Investment:** Difference between a country's assets and liabilities. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

5.**Portfolio Investment:** Investments in equity and debt securities without significant control over the issuer (less than 10% ownership), including stocks, bonds, and other assets. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

6.**International Investment Position (IIP):** Country’s external financial assets and liabilities at a given time, indicating the net financial position with the rest of the world. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

7.**Net International Investment Position:** Difference between a country's assets and liabilities. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

8.**International Reserves:** Foreign assets held by the central bank for meeting balance of payments needs, supporting currency stability, and ensuring international financial obligations. Expressed in USD, and as a percentage of broad money, GDP, and imports, available since 1990. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=b83f71e8-61e3-4cf1-8cf3-6d7fe04d0930)

9.**Personal Remittances:** Personal transfers and employee compensation received by resident households from abroad. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1970. Source: [World Bank.](https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators)

10.**Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER):** Nominal exchange rate relative to multiple currencies, adjusted by a cost index, with a base index of 100 in 2010. Available since 1992. Source: [World Bank.](https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037798)
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

External Accounts Dataset

Public Finance Dataset - Grouped Data

This dataset offers comprehensive international trade metrics, including exports, imports, and trade balance. The information is available monthly at the country level, including only data for top trading partners, with calculations such as the sum of the last 12 months, year-over-year variations, and differences. Detailed descriptions of each metric are outlined below:

1.**Exports**: Represents the value of merchandise sent from one country to another, broken down by each country's primary trading partners. Data is reported on a free on board (FOB) basis in USD millions and is available since 2020. Original source: [DOTS - IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=9d6028d4-f14a-464c-a2f2-59b2cd424b85).

2.**Imports**: Represents the value of all goods entering a country’s economic territory, detailed by each country's primary trading partners. Imports are reported on a cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) basis in USD millions, with data available since 2020. Original source: [DOTS - IMF](https://data.imf.org/?sk=9d6028d4-f14a-464c-a2f2-59b2cd424b85).
#
For further information, please refer to the following documentation
#
***

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Top Trade Partners - Country-Level

This dataset offers comprehensive international trade metrics, including exports, imports, trade balance, shares with major partners, and indices on trade overlap, comparative advantage, and concentration by product and partner. Detailed descriptions of each metric are outlined below:
#

1.**Exports**: Refers to goods physically sent from one country to another, including items sold, bartered, or transferred abroad for final sale, further processing, or re-export. Measured in USD millions and annual growth rate. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles, based on the SITC Rev. 2 classification. Original source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

2.**Imports**ts: Refers to all goods entering a country's economic territory, either for domestic use, processing, re-export, or transit, involving ownership transfer across borders. Measured in USD millions and annual growth rate. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles, based on the SITC Rev. 2 classification. Original source: [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

3.**Export/Import Shares to China/India/USA**: Reflects the percentage of a country's exports or imports to these countries, calculated at an aggregate level and by product type. Measured as a percentage of total exports/imports. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

4.**Trade Balance**: Calculated as the difference between exports and imports, both at an aggregate level and by product type. Measured in USD millions. Available since 1993. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

5.**Grubel-Lloyd Index of Intra-Industry Trade**: Measures trade overlap within an industry, quantifying the balance between exports and imports in a specific sector. An index closer to 1 suggests high intra-industry trade, while values near 0 indicate trade imbalance. Available since 1993. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

6.**Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) Index**: Evaluates a country's comparative advantage in exporting certain goods, transforming values into a balanced range from -1 to +1, where positive values indicate advantage. Available since 1988. Product types include Agricultural Raw Materials, Chemicals, Food, Fuel, Machinery and Transport Equipment, Manufactures, Ores and Metals, and Textiles. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).

7.**Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for Exports/Imports**: Measures concentration of a country's exports/imports by product type or trade partners, with higher values indicating greater reliance on specific products or countries. An HHI below 1,500 reflects low concentration, between 1,500-2,500 reflects moderate, and above 2,500 indicates high concentration. Available since 1988. Original source: Alphacast calculations based on [WITS](https://wits.worldbank.org/Default.aspx?lang=es).
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Grouped Data

This dataset provides essential information on various external accounts indicators worldwide. Below is a detailed overview of the dataset’s key elements:
#

1.**Current Account Balance:** A country's transactions in goods, services, income, and transfers with the rest of the world, including trade balance, net income from abroad, and current transfers. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1950. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

2.**Direct Investment:** Investment by residents in foreign enterprises, with significant influence, typically involving at least 10% ownership. Includes equity, reinvested earnings, and loans, expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

3.**Foreign Direct Investment:** Investment by residents in foreign enterprises with substantial influence, generally involving 10% or more ownership. Includes equity, reinvested earnings, and intra-company loans, expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1990. Source: [UNCTAD.](https://unctadstat.unctad.org/datacentre/dataviewer/US.FdiFlowsStock)

4.**Net Direct Investment:** Difference between a country's assets and liabilities. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

5.**Portfolio Investment:** Investments in equity and debt securities without significant control over the issuer (less than 10% ownership), including stocks, bonds, and other assets. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

6.**International Investment Position (IIP):** Country’s external financial assets and liabilities at a given time, indicating the net financial position with the rest of the world. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

7.**Net International Investment Position:** Difference between a country's assets and liabilities. Measured in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1975. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b&sid=1390030341854)

8.**International Reserves:** Foreign assets held by the central bank for meeting balance of payments needs, supporting currency stability, and ensuring international financial obligations. Expressed in USD, and as a percentage of broad money, GDP, and imports, available since 1990. Source: [IMF.](https://data.imf.org/?sk=b83f71e8-61e3-4cf1-8cf3-6d7fe04d0930)

9.**Personal Remittances:** Personal transfers and employee compensation received by resident households from abroad. Expressed in USD and as a percentage of GDP, available since 1970. Source: [World Bank.](https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators)

10.**Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER):** Nominal exchange rate relative to multiple currencies, adjusted by a cost index, with a base index of 100 in 2010. Available since 1992. Source: [World Bank.](https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037798)
#
For further information, please refer to the following [documentation](https://globallacdatahub.com/index.html)
#
****

Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Country-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Top Trade Partners - Country-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Trade Flows accross Groups - Grouped-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Country-Level Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Top Trade Partners - Country-Level Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset - Grouped Data Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Trade Flows accross Groups - Grouped-Level Published in Georgetown University / Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Trade and Production Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Geopolitics Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Country-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Monetary and Financial Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Public Finance Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Top Trade Partners - Country-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

External Accounts Dataset - Grouped Data
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy

Appendix: Monthly Trade Dataset - Trade Flows accross Groups - Grouped-Level
Published in
Georgetown University /
Georgetown University - Latin America in the Global Economy